Opportunities and Required Skills in Data-Driven Jobs: Empirical Evidence from Indian Job Markets

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to restrict human physical interaction;given this context, the demand for artificial intelligence (AI) and robots is likely to increase in the future. Moreover, the current recession due to the pandemic and global lockdown restrictions has impacted job markets worldwide. Nevertheless, technology enthusiasts believe that the market will see increased job demand in the domain of analytics in the future, and interestingly, this field has grown exponentially in the recent past, triggering high demand for analytics professionals. This study examines the skill sets for prospective data analytics professionals and maps them based on various job profiles offered to data science professionals and provides a comprehensive picture of the data science landscape and alleviates the misconceptions of students and gives them the right perspective. The study also provides detailed insights on the jobs available to analytics professionals across profiles, places, and companies specifically in the Indian context.

Global Pandemic and Human Security: Technology and Development Perspective

This book highlights how the human security aspect has been affected by the global pandemic, based on the specific case study, field data, and evidence. COVID-19 has exemplified that the pandemic is global, but its responses are local. The responses depend on national governance and policy framework, use of technology and innovation, and people's perceptions and behavior, among many others. There are many differences in how the pandemic has affected the rich and the poor, urban and rural sectors, development and fiscal sectors, and developed and developing nations and communities. Echoing human security principles, the 2030 Agenda emphasized a "world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want… free of fear and violence… with equitable and universal access to quality education, health care, and social protection….to safe drinking water and sanitation… where food is sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious… where habitats are safe, resilient and sustainable…and where there is universal access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy.” These basic human security [PA1] principles and development agenda are highly affected by the global pandemic worldwide, irrespective of its development and economic status. Thus, the book highlights the nexus between human security and development issues. It has two major pillars, one is the development and the other is technology issues. These two inter-dependent topics are discussed in the perspective of the global pandemic, making this the most important feature of this book. While the world is still in the middle of a pandemic, and possibly other natural and biological hazards may affect peoples' lives and livelihoods in the future, this book provides some key learning, which can be used to cope with future uncertainties, including climate risks. Thus, the book is timely and relevant to wider readers. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.

A QCA Analysis of Knowledge Co-Creation Based on University–Industry Relationships

This research aims to identify typologies of companies willing to cooperate with universities to foster knowledge co-creation and ease knowledge transfer to students within courses, training, communities of practises, etc., regardless of the business sector they are active in. To implement the research scope, we rely on the qualitative comparative analysis method (QCA). Interactions between causal factors within the university–industry relations, and knowledge co-creation have been examined. The results obtained indicate two typologies. Type 1 includes companies oriented towards supporting interactions with universities based on education, research, student placements, training, and community services such as consultancy, and product development. These acknowledge both the necessity of creating platforms to establish more ties with universities and the importance of alumni connections to develop effective campus management. Type 2 includes companies that are not interested in understanding or supporting the mission of universities in society, not developing ties with universities, and generating only a superficial interaction, which hinders their involvement in the creation of knowledge with universities. From a managerial perspective, this paper highlights the relationship between universities and industry and how this could contribute to increased resilience for a society facing unexpected challenges, such as the global crisis related to COVID-19 and the present state of international political instability. © 2023 by the authors.

National core competencies and dynamic capabilities in times of crisis: Adaptive regulation of new entrants in advanced technology markets

The extent to which domestic industrial capabilities are essential in contributing to a Nations' prosperity and national well-being is the topic of long-standing debate. On the one hand, globalization and the outsourcing of production can lead to greater productivity, lower product costs, and gains from trade. On the other hand, national capabilities have long been a source of competitiveness and security during times of war and other crises. We explore the importance of domestic industrial capabilities during crises through a comparative case study of two countries - Spain and Portugal - to the sudden spike in demand for the manufacture of mechanical ventilators brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both countries had to work within the framework of EU regulations, but had very different internal competencies upon which to draw in doing so. In addition, mechanical ventilators serve as a particularly interesting context for study because they involve high risk (loss of patients' lives if incorrectly manufactured) and entering the market presents high entry barriers (including significant tacit knowledge in its production and use, and significant intellectual property embedded in proprietary software at large, established firms). To unpack the processes used by each country we leverage insights from 60 semi-structured interviews across experts from industry, healthcare workers, regulators, non-profit organizations, and research centers. We find that Spanish regulatory measures were more effective, resulting in 12 times more new products receiving regulatory approval to enter the market. Although neither country is known for their mechanical ventilator production, instrumental in informing the Spanish regulatory and industrial responses was their internal knowledge base due to domestic experts and existing capabilities in ventilator production. We conclude by proposing new theory for how nations might identify important core competencies to enhance their dynamic (regulatory) capabilities in areas likely to be critical to their social welfare.

Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Opportunities and Challenges at the Time of COVID-19 for Developing Countries

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Diplomacy is not a new concept in international cooperation;however, in the context of the global challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, it has taken on a new significance. The pandemic indicated that the world is so interconnected and the only way to overcome this crisis is through effective international cooperation through regional and global STI diplomacy. This paper summarizes the early reaction of regional and international organizations that recognized the need for global efforts and partnerships to combat the pandemic and to implement accompanying measures to reduce the economic and social consequences, particularly among developing countries. © 2023, The Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries.

Epidemiological surveillance in COVID- 19 pandemic: EPIVIGILA system. / Epidemiological surveillance in COVID-19 pandemic: EPIVIGILA system.

In March 2020, the first version of EPIVIGILA was deployed in a productive environment a few days after the first local case of COVID- 19. This system is a technological integration plat-form for national epidemiological surveillance of notifiable diseases. Previously, Chile used a manual process that would probably have failed with a peak volume of more than 38 000 daily notifications; in a country with 18 million inhabitants, long and narrow geography, and centralized governance. This work highlights the importance of the national electronic surveillance system EPIVIGILA in managing the pandemic. The systems main strength is its ability to adapt to the needs of reliable, precise, timely, and real- time information. EPIVIGILA was able to include, under the circumstances, different flows, actors, data, and functionalities with high expectations of accuracy. This valuable information allowed the authorities to assess the impact of the measures to manage and control the pandemic. Its versatility positions this platform among the few globally that operates national data with a high level of granularity in a single system through a pandemic. In Chile, EPIVIGILA is the primary source of information for daily reports, epidemiological reports, and data published on government websites about COVID- 19. Thus, electronic systems prove fundamental for public health because the recording and processing of data generate clear, reliable, and timely information, helping authorities make decisions to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, prevent deaths, and improve the populations quality of life.

En marzo 2020 se despliega la primera versión de EPIVIGILA en un ambiente productivo, plataforma de integración tecnológica de vigilancia epidemiológica nacional para enfermedades de notificación obligatoria (a pocos días del caso 1 de COVID- 19 local). Anteriormente, Chile usaba un proceso manual que probablemente hubiese fracasado ante un volumen máximo superior a 38 000 notificaciones diarias, en un país con 18 millones de habitantes, de geografía larga y angosta y gobernanza centralizada. El objetivo del trabajo es relevar la importancia que tiene en el manejo de la pandemia el sistema nacional de vigilancia electrónico EPIVIGILA. La principal fortaleza del sistema es su capacidad de adaptación a las necesidades de información fidedigna, precisa, oportuna y en tiempo real. EPIVIGILA fue capaz de incluir, en el curso de las circunstancias, distintos flujos, actores, datos y funcionalidades con altas expectativas de exactitud. Ello permitió que las autoridades pudieran evaluar el impacto de las medidas implementadas para el manejo y control de la pandemia. Su versatilidad posiciona a esta plataforma entre las pocas en el mundo que opera datos nacionales en una pandemia con un alto nivel de granularidad en un único sistema. En Chile, EPIVIGILA es la principal fuente de información para los reportes diarios, informes epidemiológicos y datos publicados en sitios web gubernamentales sobre COVID- 19. Así, el uso de sistemas electrónicos muestran ser un soporte fundamental para la salud pública, porque el registro y procesamiento de los datos genera información clara, confiable y oportuna, contribuyendo a que las autoridades puedan tomar decisiones orientadas a disminuir la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles, evitar muertes y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población.

Implementation of Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs) in Kenya: Challenges and opportunities

Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs) were established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2009 to support innovations in least developed countries. They facilitate innovators to access high quality innovations and technological information. They have been very successful in the United Kingdom and Germany. TISC implementation in Kenya has been evaluated in this work and challenges experienced determined with suggested mitigations. An evaluation of various intellectual property (IP) in Kenya shows that only 604 patents are registered per year;out of which, 167 are from nationals. Among the registered patents, an average of 5 patents per year is issued to Kenyans and 209 to internationals. There is a positive correlation between application of patents, trademarks, and industrial designs with establishment of TISCs. Three (3) out of 14 TISC centers are fully operational with an equipped office, trained personnel and offer services to innovators. Eleven centers are still ideas in the minds of center leaders. Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI) and WIPO have trained all the center leaders on their mandates. Eleven (11) out of 14 centers cited financial constraints and non-committal administrations. Only 3 centers have financial benefit from IP. Eleven centers (11) are yet to implement their mandate fully and IP is mainly for staff development and branding. Incubation centers are rare and even difficult to get prototypes of the registered patents or designs. Furthermore, there is lack of IP audit and valuation. As such, prioritization of various IP by institutions for implementation is rare. On average, implementation of TISCs in Kenya is at 62%. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of the findings reveals a young, experienced, intelligent and enthusiastic staff that is limited by resources (funds), facilities, lack of entrepreneurial skills and ignorance. However, they are exposed to several willing government agencies including the Kenya National Innovation Agency (KeNIA) and Kenya National Research Fund (NRF). Nevertheless, external threats including pandemics (COVID 19) have impacted negatively on their implementation strategies. A business canvas model for the TISCs reveal their key partners to be NRF, KeNIA, innovators, companies, research institutions, learning institutions, small and medium enterprises, WIPO, KIPI etc. They can derive their own resources from external funding bodies, the government, and levy their services. It is, therefore, recommend that TISCs be hosted by learning institutions, financed by Kenya government with set objectives and be treated as businesses.

On the syndemic nature of crises: A Freeman perspective.

In this paper we draw a parallel between the insights developed within the framework of the current COVID-19 health crisis and the views and insights developed with respect to the long term environmental crisis, the implications for science, technology and innovation (STI) policy, Christopher Freeman analyzed already in the early 90's. With at the time of writing, the COVID-19 pandemic entering in many countries a third wave with a very differentiated implementation path of vaccination across rich and poor countries, drawing such a parallel remains of course a relatively speculative exercise. Nevertheless, based on the available evidence of the first wave of the pandemic, we feel confident that some lessons from the current health crisis and its parallels with the long-term environmental crisis can be drawn. The COVID-19 pandemic has also been described as a " syndemic ": a term popular in medical anthropology which marries the concept of 'synergy' with 'epidemic' and provides conceptually an interesting background for these posthumous Freeman reflections on crises. The COVID-19 crisis affects citizens in very different and disproportionate ways. It results not only in rising structural inequalities among social groups and classes, but also among generations. In the paper, we focus on the growing inequality within two particular groups: youngsters and the impact of COVID-19 on learning and the organization of education; and as mirror picture, the elderly many of whom witnessed despite strict confinement in long-term care facilities, high mortality following the COVID-19 outbreak. From a Freeman perspective, these inequality consequences of the current COVID-19 health crisis call for new social STI policies: for a new "corona version" of inclusion versus exclusion.

"We have a lot of home deliveries" A qualitative study on the impact of COVID-19 on access to and utilization of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health care among refugee women in urban Eastleigh, Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about how pregnant refugee women, and the frontline health care workers who serve them, are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of health, and health service access. Women refugees are classified as a vulnerable group with regard to pregnancy outcomes and access to maternal care, and may be disproportionally at risk for COVID-19 infection as they are likely to face unique barriers to information and access to reproductive health services during the pandemic. Few studies identify gaps that could inform potential interventions to improve service uptake for refugee women, particularly in the context of COVID-19. Yet, understanding how pregnant refugees are impacted in the context of the pandemic is critical to developing and implementing strategies and measures that can help in their care and the delivery of health services. AIMS: This study aimed to improve understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on women refugees' access to and utilisation of antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care in Eastleigh, Kenya. METHODS: The study was conducted in Eastleigh, a semi-urban centre in Nairobi. We conducted 25 in-depth interviews with facility and community health care staff (n = 10) and women attending antenatal (n = 10) and postnatal care services (n = 5) in October 2020. Data was analysed using NVIVO 12 software. FINDINGS: Our findings suggest that within the first eight months of COVID-19, preferences for home deliveries by refugee women increased and health care workers reported having observed reduced utilisation of services and delayed care. Fear, economic challenges and lack of migrant-inclusive health system policies were key factors influencing home deliveries and delayed and low uptake of facility-based care. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the need to mitigate and lower barriers that prevent refugee women from seeking care at health facilities. One approach includes the development of refugee-inclusive public health policies, particularly during a pandemic, and the need to tailor health care services for refugees at facilities and in the communities.

Federal university practices to combat COVID-19: the relationship between public investment and implementation capacity / Práticas das universidades federais no combate à COVID-19: a relação entre investimento público e capacidade de implementação / Prácticas de las universidades federales en la lucha contra la COVID-19: la relación entre inversión pública y capacidad de implementación

Resumo Esse artigo busca analisar a relação entre os recursos públicos investidos nas universidades federais e sua capacidade de implementação de respostas à COVID-19. O artigo contribui, inicialmente, com um método de categorização para avaliação do direcionamento das práticas de combate à COVID-19 pelas universidades federais. A análise dos dados sinaliza uma tendência de relação positiva entre o nível de gastos executados e a capacidade de implementação de respostas por meio de projetos de pesquisa e de extensão, principalmente, para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias. Essa reorientação enseja uma discussão sobre desdobramentos para as políticas públicas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e para o fortalecimento do Sistema Federal de Educação Superior, de modo a garantir a infraestrutura necessária para a resolução de problemas complexos, como os gerados pela pandemia da COVID-19.

Resumen Este artículo busca analizar la relación entre los recursos públicos invertidos en universidades federales y su capacidad para implementar respuestas a la COVID-19. Por lo tanto, el artículo inicialmente contribuye con un método y una forma de categorización para evaluar la aplicación de prácticas para combatir la COVID-19 por parte de las universidades federales. El análisis de los datos señala una tendencia de relación positiva entre el nivel de gastos ejecutados y la capacidad de implementar respuestas a través de proyectos de investigación y extensión, principalmente para el desarrollo de tecnologías. Esta reorientación da lugar a una discusión sobre los desdoblamientos de las políticas públicas de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación y para el fortalecimiento del sistema federal de educación superior, a fin de garantizar la infraestructura necesaria para resolver problemas complejos como los generados por la COVID-19.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the relationship between public resources invested in federal universities and their capability to respond to COVID-19. The article presents a categorization method to evaluate the practices of combating COVID-19 organized by federal universities. Data analysis indicates a positive relationship between the level of expenditures and the ability to implement research and extension projects, mainly for the development of technologies. The discussion presents consequences for the public policies of Science, Technology, and Innovation to strengthen the Federal System of Higher Education, to guarantee the necessary infrastructure to solve complex problems such as those generated by COVID-19.

Economic Recovery After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Resuming Elective Orthopedic Surgery and Total Joint Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The economic effects of the COVID-19 crisis are not like anything the U.S. health care system has ever experienced. METHODS: As we begin to emerge from the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, we need to plan the sustainable resumption of elective procedures. We must first ensure the safety of our patients and surgical staff. It must be a priority to monitor the availability of supplies for the continued care of patients suffering from COVID-19. As we resume elective orthopedic surgery and total joint arthroplasty, we must begin to reduce expenses by renegotiating vendor contracts, use ambulatory surgery centers and hospital outpatient departments in a safe and effective manner, adhere to strict evidence-based and COVID-19-adjusted practices, and incorporate telemedicine and other technology platforms when feasible for health care systems and orthopedic groups to survive economically. RESULTS: The return to normalcy will be slow and may be different than what we are accustomed to, but we must work together to plan a transition to a more sustainable health care reality which accommodates a COVID-19 world. CONCLUSION: Our goal should be using these lessons to achieve a healthy and successful 2021 fiscal year.